1. See especially Roy Bhaskar, Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation (London: Verso, 1986); Bhaskar, Reclaiming Reality: a critical introduction to contemporary philosophy (London: Verso, 1989); Rom Harré, The Principles of Scientific Thinking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Rom Harré and E.H. Madden, Causal Powers (Oxford: Blackwell, 1975); Wesley Salmon, Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984); J.J.C. Smart, Philosophy and Scientific Realism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963); also - from a range of philosophical standpoints - Michael Devitt, Realism and Truth (2nd edn., Oxford: Blackwell, 1986); Jarrett Leplin (ed.), Scientific Realism (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984); W.H. Newton-Smith, The Rationality of Science (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981); Edward Pols, Radical Realism: direct knowing in science and philosophy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992); Nicholas Rescher, Scientific Realism: a critical reappraisal (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1987); Peter J. Smith, Realism and the Progress of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Roger Trigg, Reality at Risk: a defence of realism in philosophy and the sciences (Brighton: Harvester, 1980); Gerald Vision, Modern Anti-Realism and Manufactured Truth (London: Routledge, 1988).

2. See for instance Barry Barnes, About Science (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985); Augustine Brannigan, The Social Basis of Scientific Discoveries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Steve Fuller, Philosophy of Science and its Discontents (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989); Alan G. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986); K. Knorr-Cetina and M. Mulkay (eds.), Science Observed (London: Sage, 1983); Bruno Latour, Science in Action (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987); Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: the social construction of scientific facts (London: Sage, 1979); Andrew Ross, Strange Weather: culture, science and technology in the age of limits (London: Verso, 1991); Joseph Rouse, Knowledge and Power: toward a political philosophy of science (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987); Steve Woolgar, Science: the very idea (London: Tavistock, 1988); Woolgar (ed.), Knowledge and Reflexivity: new frontiers in the sociology of knowledge (London: Sage, 1988).

3. See Rouse, Knowledge and Power (op. cit.) for a synthesis of these various cultural-relativist, 'strong' sociological, language-based, depth-hermeneutic, and kindred anti-realist trends.

4. See especially Richard Rorty, "Science as Solidarity", "Is Natural Science a Natural Kind?", and "Texts and Lumps", in Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 35-45, 46-62, and 78-92.

5. See for instance Michael Dummett, Truth and Other Enigmas (London: Duckworth, 1978); also Crispin Wright, Realism, Meaning and Truth (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986) and Truth and Objectivity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).

6. Hilary Putnam, The Many Faces of Realism (La Salle: Open Court, 1987); Realism With a Human Face (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); Renewing Philosophy (Harvard, 1992).

7. See entries in note 2, above.

8. Jacques Derrida, "White Mythology: metaphor in the text of philosophy", in Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. 207-71.

9. Derrida refers to various of Aristotle's texts in this connection, chiefly the Topics, the Rhetoric, and the Poetics.

10. See in particular the essays collected in Derrida, Margins of Philosophy (op. cit.); 'Speech and Phenomena' and Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs, trans, David B. Allison (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973); Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1978); Dissemination, trans. Barbara Johnson (London: Athlone Press, 1981); also Rodolphe Gasche, The Tain of the Mirror: Derrida and the philosophy of reflection (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986) and Christopher Norris, Derrida (London: Fontana, 1987).

11. William Empson, review of E. A. Burtt, "The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science", reprinted in Empson, Argufying: essays on literature and culture, ed. John Haffenden (London: Chatto & Windus, 1987), pp. 530-33; p. 531.

12. Derrida, "The Supplement of Copula: philosophy before linguistics", in Margins of Philosophy (op. cit.), pp. 175-205; Emile Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics, trans. Mary E. Meek (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1971). For the main texts of Aristotle in question here, see Categories, Chapter 4 and Metaphysics, Chapter 6.

13. See Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Norman Kemp Smith

(London: Macmillan, 1965), pp. 113-14.

14. Derrida, "The Supplement of Copula", (op. cit.), p. 195. Further references given by title and page-number in the text.

15. Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics (op. cit.), pp. 63-4.

16. In this connection see especially Quine, 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism", (op. cit.); also Harvey R. Brown and Rom Harre (eds.), Philosophical Foundations of Quantum Field Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988); Arthur Fine, The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism, and Quantum Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Peter Forrest, Quantum Metaphysics (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988); Hans Reichenbach, Philosophical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1944); Paul Teller, "Relational Holism and Quantum Mechanics", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 37 (March 1986), pp. 71-81.

17. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, "Can the Quantum-Mechanical Description of Reality be Considercd Complete?", Physical Review, series 2, Vol. 47 (1935), pp. 777-80. Niels Bohr, article of same title, Physical Review, Vol. 48 (1935), pp. 696-702. See also J.S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics: collected papers on quantum philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Fine, The Shaky Game (op. cit.). John Honnez, The Description of Nature: Niels Bohr and the philosophy of quantum physics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987); Tim Maudlin, Quantum Non-Locality and Relativity: metaphysical intimations of modern science (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993). Michael Redhead, Incompleteness, Nonlocality and Realism: a prolegomenon to the philosophy of quantum mechanics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987).

18. See James Robert Brown, The Laboratory of the Mind: thought experiments in the natural sciences (London: Routledge, 1991) and Smoke and Mirrors: how science reflects reality (Routledge, 1994); also Paul Davies, "The Thought that Counts: thought-experiments in physics", New Scientist, May 6th 1995, pp. 26- 31.

19. For a strong defence of this ontological-realist view, see Karl R. Popper, Quantum Theory and the Schism in Physics (London: Hutchinson, 1982).

20. Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics (op. cit.), p. 63.

21. Benjamin Lee Whorf, Language, Thouqht and Reality: selected writings, ed. J.B. Carroll (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1956).

22. Davidson, "On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme", in Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) pp. 183-198.

23. See Quine, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (op. cit.); also Word and Object (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1960); The Roots of Reference (La Salle: Open Court, 1974). Donald Davidson, "Radical Interpretation", in Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (op. cit.), pp. 125-39.

24. See Quine, "Two Dogmas of Empiricism", (op. cit.).

25. Galileo, Discourse on Two New Sciences, trans. S. Drake (Madison, WI.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974); see also Brown, Smoke and Mirrors (op. cit.), pp. 113-6.